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Rich Silva
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You?re walking through a Borneo rainforest, keeping your eyes focused on shrubs and tree trunks that might be good opportunities for spider hunting, and suddenly your forward progress is halted. Three possible explanations: (1) You?re in one of those nightmares where you keep trying to get somewhere but mysteriously can?t move. (2) You?ve become entangled in vines across your path. (3) A rattan palm has you in its spiny clutches. No nightmares yet for me on this expedition, but the other two occur several times each day.
Vines (or ?lianas?) crisscross a tropical forest like a tangled spider web, at all heights from the ground to the forest canopy. Indeed, there are so many lianas among the trees, some as thick as a small tree?s trunk, that when one tree falls from a storm or decay, it may pull down surrounding trees by their connecting lianas. For me, raised in the temperate zone, the idea of so many vines is unexpected. I expect plants to grow vertically, not diagonally or horizontally. I don?t pay enough attention for lianas as I walk, and often I am suddenly held as in this photo of my entangled leg. I rarely trip, but I am sometimes befuddled as to how to untie the knot I am in.
Vines are stubborn foes, but not nearly so cruel as the terror of the Bornean jungle, rattan palms. The central rib of each multi-part leaf extends beyond the leaf as a long filament reaching into space. These filaments can cross a meter or more, linking to another plant like a liana?s tendrils. It would be just another vine entangling me ? except that along the filament?s length are many small backward-pointing spines. It?s as if the forest were criss-crossed by meters-long hacksaw blades. When one catches my clothes, I feel a sharp tug and I?m stuck.
Sometimes, I can twirl around and I?ll get unstuck, but other times I have to try to grab the spiny tendril (gingerly) and pull it away. Of course, sometimes it?s not my clothes but my skin that the spines dig into as I charge through the forest. Luckily, most of the blood lost has been from my hands, not my neck. I?d mentioned in a previous post that Edy voted the leeches as her biggest annoyance; for me, it?s the rattan palms.
Why do rattan palms have these tendrils that inflict suffering, apparently gratuitously, meters from the plant?s body? They don?t seem to make sense as protective devices against animals. Instead, the spines serve to keep hold on other plants that the palm uses for support. But, why might the palm want to borrow support from other plants?
Look at a forest, and a question might occur to you: why do the trees invest so much into those tall trunks that don?t photosynthesize and don?t pull in water and minerals? If only the trees could all agree to be short, they could divert the resources that make the trunk instead into flowers and fruit. But, of course, they don?t cooperate, but rather compete, and their competition for precious light compels them to build massive trunks to lift against gravity and outreach their neighbors.
Lianas that rise up through the forest along the trunks of trees are, in one sense, parasites. They avoid investing in a trunk, but can still reach high into the light by using the infrastructure built by the trees. I like to think of them as ?gravity parasites?. (Actually, this name isn?t quite right, as they are parasites of the effort against gravity, but ?gravity parasites? is more poetic.) Rattan palms play the same game, maintaining with their spines their hold on upward-growing plants. Plants play cruel games with each other and with animals. And you thought plants were so innocent.
Previously in this series:
Spiders in Borneo: Introduction
Spiders in Borneo: Undiscovered biodiversity
Spiders in Borneo: The guests of honor: Salticidae
Spiders in Borneo: Team Salticid
Spiders in Borneo: Mulu National Park
Spiders in Borneo: Dreaming about salticid spiders
Spiders in Borneo: Jumping spiders in the forest
Spiders in Borneo: Beating around the bushes
Spiders in Borneo: Spiders in leaf litter
Spiders in Borneo: A Vertical Life
Spiders in Borneo: Leeches and eyeballs
Spiders in Borneo: Breaking News!
Spiders in Borneo: Falling from above
Spiders in Borneo: What I carry
Text and images ? W. Maddison, under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license (CC-BY)
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ScienceDaily (Mar. 29, 2012) ? Although we think of space as being empty, there is more out there than meets the eye -- dust, for example, is everywhere. If all the material between the Sun and Jupiter were compressed together it would form a moon 25 km across. Now a new research programme will try to see how much of this dust enters Earth's atmosphere. Metals from the cosmic dust play a part in various phenomena that affect our climate. An accurate estimate of dust would also help us understand how particles are transported through different layers of Earth's atmosphere.
Professor John Plane of the University of Leeds will present the Cosmic Dust in the Terrestrial Atmosphere (CODITA) project on March 30 at the National Astronomy Meeting in Manchester.
The main sources of dust in the Solar system are collisions between asteroids, and material evaporating off comets as they approach the Sun. When dust particles approach Earth they enter the atmosphere at very high speeds, anything from 38 000 to 248 000 kilometres an hour, depending on whether they are orbiting in the same direction or the opposite to Earth's motion around the Sun.
The particles undergo very rapid heating through collisions with air molecules, reaching temperatures well in excess of 1600 degrees Celsius. At this point they melt and evaporate. Particles with diameters greater than about 2 millimetres give off enough material to produce visible meteors, or 'shooting stars'. But most of the mass of dust particles entering the atmosphere are much smaller than this, so can be detected only using specialised meteor radars.
"We have a conundrum -- estimates of how much dust comes in vary by a factor of a hundred," said Plane. "The aim of CODITA is to resolve this huge discrepancy."
Satellite observations suggest that 100-300 tonnes of cosmic dust enter the atmosphere each day. This figure tallies with the rate of accumulation in polar ice cores and deep-sea sediments of rare elements linked to cosmic dust, such as iridium and osmium. However, measurements in Earth's atmosphere indicate that the input could be as low as 5 tonnes per day. These measurements include meteor radar observations, laser observations of the sodium and iron atoms from evaporating dust in the upper atmosphere, and measurements by high altitude aircraft of meteoritic iron in the lower stratosphere.
"If the dust input is around 200 tons per day, then the particles are being transported down through the middle atmosphere considerably faster than generally believed; if the 5-tonne figure is correct, we will need to revise substantially our understanding of how dust evolves in the Solar System and is transported from the middle atmosphere to the surface," said Plane.
The metals injected into the atmosphere from evaporating dust particles are involved in a diverse range of phenomena linked to climate change.
"Cosmic dust is associated with the formation of 'noctilucent' clouds -- the highest clouds in Earth's atmosphere. The dust particles provide a surface for the cloud's ice crystals to form. These clouds develop during summer in the polar regions and they appear to be an indicator of climate change,' said Plane. "The metals from the dust also affect ozone chemistry in the stratosphere. The amount of dust present will be important for any geo-engineering initiatives to increase sulphate aerosol to offset global warming. Cosmic dust also fertilises the ocean with iron, which has potential climate feedbacks because marine phytoplankton emit climate-related gases."
CODITA has received a ?2.5 million grant from the European Research Council to investigate the dust input over the next 5 years. The international team, led by Professor Plane, is made up of 11 scientists in Leeds and a further 10 research groups in the US and Germany.
The CODITA team will also use laboratory facilities to tackle some of the least well-understood aspects of the problem.
Plane explained, "In the lab, we'll be looking at the nature of cosmic dust evaporation, as well as the formation of meteoric smoke particles, which play a role in ice nucleation and the freezing of polar stratospheric clouds. The results will be incorporated into a chemistry-climate model of the whole atmosphere. This will make it possible, for the first time, to model the effects of cosmic dust consistently from the outer Solar System to the Earth's surface."
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Royal Astronomical Society (RAS), via AlphaGalileo.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/03/120329225140.htm
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This internship opportunity is for those who desire a career in sales and who enjoy making decisions, solving problems and meeting goals. Our internships play an integral role in the success of Enterprise and are a comprehensive introduction to our Sales Management Training Program.
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In addition to on-the-job training and experience, you will receive some classroom training in our Rental Operations in the following areas:
THIS POSITION HAS MONTHLY SALES GOALS. As you reach your sales goals, you will be tested and evaluated to determine your proficiency in these areas. Successful completion of these tests and evaluations will result in rewards, and the opportunity for continued employment as a fulltime professional upon graduation.
Summer college interns looking for sales experience and internship in retail sales, commission sales, cross-selling, up-selling, lead generation; gain experience working in fast paced business environment with attention to customer service.
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Source: http://news.yahoo.com/syria-accepts-un-peace-plan-bloodshed-persists-120228857.html
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When working on a home improvement project involving windows and doors, choosing the right fasteners and fixings is key. When you are trying to decide between using nails or screws, you need to keep in mind that both of these fasteners are suitable for many situations, however, neither one of them is best for all of them.
The truth is, deciding whether to use a nail or a screw for your DIY requires more than simply choosing one over the other. It requires an understanding of the tools and materials you are using. A little knowledge goes a long way, and you are going to need it if you want your door or window project to be successful.
Find Cheap Fasteners and Fixings- When to Use Screws
Screws come in all sorts of lengths, metals, types, and diameters, and each specific kind has its own function.
For instance, a galvanized screw is typically used on items that are exposed to the elements, such as a damp basement. Drywall screws, however, are only used for securing drywall to the studs of a home.Choosing the right screw will depend on the project and the need for stability and strength. This is why screws are often used to secure strike plates and door hinges. They stay in place, even after multiple uses of the door because of their grooved edges. If a nail was used to secure a door hinge, it would eventually fall out after repeated use.
When using a screw for doors or windows, you must consider the head of these fasteners and fixings. There are three basic types:
Round headed screws and oval heads are most often used for projects that do not require the head of the screw to be level with the application.
For doors and window, the most common choice is a flat head screw. This is because a round or oval head screw will typically prevent the operation of the window or door.A pilot hole should always be used when drilling in screws. Without it, the screw may split the wood.
Fasteners and Fixing Can Never be Replaced In Any Home Improvement- When to Use Nails
Nails are smooth, thin fasteners commonly designate by the word penny or the letter d. Like screws, nails are made from all types of materials and come in various sizes. At times they may also be coated in protective substances.
There are two basic types of nails: those made for exterior application and those made for interior applications. Nails that are designed for outside uses are known as hot-dipped galvanized nails. These nails are coated in a substance that makes them durable and resistant to corrosion. When you are using nails, it is essential that you use the correct ones, designed for the outdoors because interior nails are vulnerable to corrosion when exposed to the elements.
Nails are generally not used for doors, but they may be used on window projects. At times, stainless steel ring-shank nails are used to install windows because they don't rust, have superior holding power, and don't need countersinking.
Nails usually don't split wood like screws, but they can if two nails are driven into the same grain line. When using nails, always be sure to stay clear of the edge of the wood and stagger them.
If you are working on a home improvement project involving windows and doors, make sure you are using the right fasteners and fixings. Nails and screws can work well in some situations, but should not be used for all of them. Choose from these fasteners and fixings
Source: http://lifestyle.ezinemark.com/screws-or-nails-which-are-best-for-doors-and-windows-18e13c80025.html
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Inspired by Palestinian prisoner Khader Adnan, who pressured Israel with a 66-day hunger strike, a growing number of his fellow detainees are launching similar protests.
The tactic appears to be spreading among the thousands of Palestinians held in Israeli prisons, who see themselves battling for their rights with the only weapon they have: "empty stomachs."
Adnan went for more than two months without food before a military court agreed to free him, on April 17, when his four-month administrative detention order ends.
Inspired by his example, 30-year-old Hanaa Shalabi began a hunger strike after her detention in February, reaching her 39th day without food on Sunday.
Across the Israeli prison system, around 30 Palestinian prisoners have followed suit, according to the Palestinian Prisoners' Club, which tracks Palestinian detainees in Israeli jails.
The Israeli prison service puts the number at around 20, a spokeswoman said.
"Consultations are under way at all the occupation's prisons, and while a hunger strike is always individual, there will be a large hunger strike in different Israeli prisons in the next two months," Qaddura Fares, president of the Palestinian Prisoners' Club, told AFP.
"The prisoners in the occupation's prisoner are using the weapon of 'empty stomachs' as a result of increased repression and in the absence of a channel of dialogue with the Israeli side or negotiations with the Palestinian Authority to improve their conditions," he said.
Those involved, according to the PPC's media director Amani Sarahna, are drawing inspiration from the hunger strike protests launched by Irish prisoners in the 1980s, in which 10 people died, including IRA militant Bobby Sands.
"All the messages we have received from prisoners in Israeli jails say that they are following the example of the Irish hunger strikes," Sarahna said.
While prisoners have cited various reasons for their protests, Fares said the current wave began in part when improvements expected in the wake of a prisoner exchange deal last year failed to materialise.
Palestinian prisoners had expected improvements after the exchange, which saw Gaza militants release captured Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit in return for the freeing of 1,027 Palestinian prisoners.
"The exchange deal and the release of Shalit didn't change the conditions of their detention in the occupation's prisons. On the contrary, it got worse," Fares said.
Shalabi was among the 1,027 prisoners freed under the deal, after being held for more than two years without charge, but she was rearrested on February 16.
She says her hunger strike, which has resulted in her hospitalisation in recent days, is intended to protest her imprisonment without charge under a procedure known as administrative detention.
The procedure allows a military court to order a detainee to be held for up to six months at a time without trial or even revealing the evidence against them. The decision can be appealed and an order can only be renewed by the court.
Other detainees are seeking the end of their administrative detention, or to be moved from solitary confinement, and 52-year-old Kifah Hattab is using his protest to call for authorities to grant him prisoner-of-war status.
A former member of the Civil Defence in the West Bank, Hattab began his hunger strike on March 1.
"My husband is on hunger strike to claim his status as a prisoner of war, but he represents dozens of military prisoners held by Israel who are being treated as civilians," his wife told AFP.
She said he had been arrested in 2003 in the West Bank town of Tulkarem and is serving two life sentences for "security reasons."
The prisoners club said Israel is holding some 700 members of the Palestinian security services, along with 27 Palestinian lawmakers, 24 of them from Hamas.
Ahmed al-Hajj Ali, a Hamas MP who was arrested in June last year, began his hunger strike in mid-March to protest being held despite his status as an elected official.
More than 4,700 Palestinians are currently detained in Israeli prisons, including 320 held under administrative detention orders, according to the most recent statistics from the Palestinian prisoners ministry.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/palestinian-detainees-israel-hunger-140440793.html
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SANAA, Yemen (AP) ? Tens of thousands of protesters streamed into city centers across Yemen on Friday, demanding that their ex-president be stripped of immunity from prosecution and be put on trial for the deaths of demonstrators during the yearlong uprising.
Ali Abdullah Saleh, who ruled Yemen for 33 years, stepped down last month in a U.S.-backed deal that gave him immunity to ease a transition from his rule. He was widely expected to leave the country after relinquishing power but has instead remained in Yemen.
The power-transfer deal also gave Saleh's party half of the seats in the new Cabinet. Critics say this has enabled him to interfere in the new government, working through loyalist Cabinet ministers as well as relatives and cronies still holding top military positions.
Street protests have continued even after Saleh stepped down, with demonstrators denouncing the ex-president's immunity and demanding he face trial. The government has said at least 2,000 people have been killed in a year of turmoil.
Some protesters on Friday carried posters showing Saleh with a noose around his neck and many chanted demanding retribution for those killed in Saleh's crackdown on protesters.
The continued street protests also reflect growing frustration among many Yemenis that their uprising, inspired by other Arab Spring revolts, has not achieved its goals even though a new president, Abed Rabbo Mansour Hadi, has been appointed in Saleh's place.
During the rally Friday in the capital Sanaa, activist Abdel-Hadi al-Azazi said Saleh was "still working on sabotaging the revolution."
The opposition also says the new government is unable to stop al-Qaida from gaining strength in the country's south. The terror network's branch in Yemen is seen by Washington as the most dangerous arm of al-Qaida, after its repeated attempts to carry out bombings on American soil. It only grew stronger during the past year's turmoil, when militants seized control of several towns in the south, including Zinjibar, a provincial capital.
On Sunday, an American teacher was killed in Taiz, Yemen's second most populous city. Al-Qaida claimed responsibility for the killing, raising fears that militants had infiltrated the central city.
Many Yemenis say Saleh's military waged only a halfhearted battle against al-Qaida. Washington hopes that will change under the new president. However, in Taiz, Hadi has only appointed a new police chief while leaving other officials, believed to be Saleh loyalists, in power.
Opposition lawmakers have also accused Saleh's loyalists of being behind recent power outages in the impoverished country. The ministry of electricity on Friday issued a statement blaming tribesmen in areas under control of Republican Guard forces, which are commanded by Saleh's son, for sabotaging power stations.
The weekly al-Madr reported on Thursday that the Republican Guard prevented fuel tankers from entering Sanaa in the past days and published photographs showing tankers parked by the roadside.
On Thursday, the U.S. Embassy in Sanaa issued a statement noting a "deterioration in political cooperation" in Yemen, and said that "it is not acceptable for any party to interfere in the implementation" of the deal that led to Saleh stepping down. The statement was seen as a veiled warning to Saleh.
A senior official of Saleh's General People's Congress party told The Associated Press on Friday that Saleh has denounced the U.S. statement.
"The president sees the statement as biased in favor of the new administration," said the official, speaking on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to talk to the media.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/yemen-protesters-demand-ex-president-face-trial-155109604.html
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"Some of the cases tested positive for swine flu," health authorities told Chief Minister N Kiran Kumar Reddy at a review meeting.
The Chief Minister's Office said in a release that the health authorities were directed to be on a high alert to prevent spurt in swine flu cases by initiating precautionary measures.
The Chief Minister directed the Principal Secretary (Health) to constantly monitor the situation and keep required testing equipment and medicines ready, the release added. Source
Source: http://thecomingcrisis.blogspot.com/2012/03/25-cases-of-swine-flu-in-andhra-pradesh.html
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If we are in the process of refinancing the lending you may get the procedure confusing and daunting. Nobody likes to overpay for their purchases and the home loan is no exception. Here are many ideas to enable we refinance the lending without paying too much.
Before we start comparison searching for a new lender it is very value work to request copies of your credit reports to check for errors wholesale mortgage . Your overall credit score is what lenders consider whenever determining the lending rate; in the event you have errors or damaging info in the history of credit it may cost a high interest rate. The credit records are maintained by 3 individual reporting agencies which dont share info well; you should request a credit report from every agency and carefully check it for errors.
There are 3 companies we need to request records from. These credit agencies are Trans Union, Equifax, and Experian. Its all to easy to request these records and free; congress recently passed a statute stating these agencies must provide we one complimentary credit report every year. The website we need to see to download the history of credit is annualcreditreport.com.
Once youve reviewed the credit records and are confident they are error complimentary youre ready to being comparing financing has. Selecting the best lender is an significant part of refinancing and there are many kinds of lenders we need to eliminate. The three kinds of lending lenders are banks, broker-banks, and wholesale lenders. You should never consider refinancing with the bank due to loopholes in the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act; nevertheless, Ill cover banks and broker-banks thorough later in this informative article.
Refinancing the lending with a wholesale lending lender will offer the hottest deal for the money; the query becomes how can we go about acquiring a wholesale lender? Because the average homeowner could not have access to wholesale lenders youll need to employ a broker to refinance with wholesale lending rates. Refinancing with a lending broker has countless advantages; although youll need to watch the broker like a hawk to eliminate paying too much.
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Source: http://highrockthemes.com/index.php/2012/03/mortgage-refinance-information/
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For some, their dog is their closest companion. Pet owners who want the best for their four-legged friend look for the best dog foods on the market. Many businesses at the moment are producing all natural dog foods, treats and nutritional supplements which have been made out of real foods, not additives. The advantages of organic and natural dog food are extensive, and for pet owners, the fee is definitely worth it.
Less Skin Disorders
The whole food elements located within the best dog foods consist of nutrients which drive back allergic reactions and also other distressing skin conditions. Dogs having skin problems or allergic reactions could possibly be allergic to additives, preservatives as well as flavor boosters located in regular dog foods. Organic dog food doesn?t contain these unsafe chemical compounds. Quite a few people who own dogs discover that not just their dog?s skin ailment or allergies enhance but that fur become strong, smooth and bright. Best Dog Foods
Even more Energy levels
Many dogs go through significant amounts of sleepiness, even if young. A lot of masters find out that once they change to an organic and natural dog food their own dog goes through an increase in dynamics as well as energy. The superior vitamins and minerals of organic and natural food, clear of bulk fillers offers all of the vital stamina that the dog?s body demands to cure, regain and function. Digestive function is significantly enhanced, as is the execution of the immune system, leaving more energy levels for playing.
Good Bodyweight
When dog owners switch to natural varieties of the best dog foods on the market they find their obese pet slimming down and gaining muscle. Dogs that ingest high-quality foodstuff grow to be more lively, and attain greater metabolic functionality, which usually brings about fat reduction.
Endurance
Dogs who?re given well balanced and nourishing diets will live long and happy lives. They will have a lower occurrence of disease, a gleaming and wholesome coat, solid defense mechanisms as well as over-all superior health and fitness to pet dogs raised on conventional commercial food.
Whilst looking for the best dog foods to your dog, bear in mind the excellence of the food.
Expense may look like a concern, but there?s absolutely nothing far better you can achieve to your dog rather than offer a healthy, balanced diet. Best Dog Foods
Tags:?Advice, best dog foods, diet, dogs, Education, Family, Health, Medicine, Nutrition, pets, Pets and AnimalsSource: http://www.articleseffect.com/greatest-pet-dog-foods-the-rewards-of-obtaining-all-natural.html
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Many corporations at the moment are usually relying on their internet site to make leads, as well as sales conversions. If your website is definitely positioned among leading search results, you?ll need to be mindful concerning variety of Search engine optimisation services provider for more process. When you purchase only just about any optimization firm, a person might stop up to reading good benefits because you are getting your web site?s recognition at risk.
Companies can also advertise their products on Google, certainly not if you are paying for backed links, however with efficient search engine optimization. Most organizations at the moment are generally counting on their website to produce leads, and also sales conversions. For reference Search engine optimization will be the course of action of humanizing a website?s quality in the search engines using assistance of search phrases relating to particular position. In case your website is already put among best search outcomes, you?ll need to be mindful with regards to choice of Search engine optimisation services service provider for more actions. If you choose simply just about any optimization firm, an individual might stop upward to getting good benefits because you are placing your current online site?s popularity at spot.
For a business to achieve success, it is vital to make online manufacturer reputation. Search engine, a vital part of internet awareness is actually roundabout advertising system for business web website. Together with improved upon search engine rankings for picked keywords and phrases, search engine optimization helps companies to bring in more traffic in order to enhance online sales. Once you understand that will the traffic for your internet site has exploded around the last number of weeks, a person can quickly tell how your Search engine marketing service lover has done an excellent job.
SEO typically requires initiatives along with opportunities in addition to proper business tactic to work industry profitably. Outsourcing techniques Search engine optimisation services has become a trend to get more return on investment as many emerging economic climates get become nearly all preferred places for outsourcing techniques services. One reason behind it is the access of large technological expertise and price efficiency. Outsourced workers these kinds of remedies constantly allows to decrease work load along with to make business plans profit driven. Separate from outsourced workers, an individual can in addition handover the SEO jobs to freelance professionals.
Around time, search engine like Google go a step ahead for listing internet sites mainly because it not only seems to be at the anchorman draw, but in addition the text adjacent to this. With assist of particular Search engine optimization services and methods, you can identify the meaning of the pages content. Taking into consideration they, optimization methods involve sustaining the web site originality through providing fresh content along with preserving this more helpful compared to cut-throat internet sites. Effective outcomes can be achieved with social media optimization approach of Search engine marketing. They help in bringing traffic to your website through referrals to get corporations awareness along with recognition.
By way of social media optimization, internet site people can interact with each other using discussing blogposts they will find interesting among his or her social systems. These tactics are prepared according to On-page and Off-page Search engine optimisation. On-Page optimization worries pages of website to whilst Off-Page Search engine optimisation is used in consider of building links to websites. Niche research is vital for efficient On-Page optimization, as it facilitates a target on key phrase significance to web pages. These types of search phrases are put to web site?s pages as well as recurring a handful of times on the pages these are on. It?s equally crucial for your internet site to be designed as well as easy for browsing engine?s software to read and also examine. Appears to can be expensive, SEO, in compared to other marketing method is very inexpensive in the event you find the appropriate Search engine optimization services business spouse.
To find out more, visit Link Wheel and SEO Services
Source: http://ads4india.net/supply-the-business-an-advantage-using-search-engine-marketing-services/
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ScienceDaily (Mar. 20, 2012) ? Future prospects for superior new organic electronic devices are brighter now thanks to a new study by researchers with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)'s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab). Working at the Lab's Molecular Foundry, a DOE nanoscience center, the team has provided the first experimental determination of the pathways by which electrical charge is transported from molecule-to-molecule in an organic thin film. Their results also show how such organic films can be chemically modified to improve conductance.
"We have shown that when the molecules in organic thin films are aligned in particular directions, there is much better conductance," says Miquel Salmeron, a leading authority on nanoscale surface imaging who directs Berkeley Lab's Materials Sciences Division and who led this study. "Chemists already know how to fabricate organic thin films in a way that can achieve such an alignment, which means they should be able to use the information provided by our methodology to determine the molecular alignment and its role on charge transport across and along the molecules. This will help improve the performances of future organic electronic devices."
Salmeron and Shaul Aloni, also of the Materials Sciences Division, are the corresponding authors of a paper in the journal NanoLetters that describes this work. The paper is titled "Electron Microscopy Reveals Structure and Morphology of One Molecule Thin Organic Films." Other co-authors were Virginia Altoe, Florent Martin and Allard Katan.
Organic electronics, also known as plastic or polymer electronics, are devices that utilize carbon-based molecules as conductors rather than metals or semiconductors. They are prized for their low costs, light weight and rubbery flexibility. Organic electronics are also expected to play a big role in molecular computing, but to date their use has been hampered by low electrical conductance in comparison to metals and semiconductors.
"Chemists and engineers have been using their intuition and trial-and-error testing to make progress in the field but at some point you hit a wall unless you understand what is going on at the molecular level, for example, how electrons or holes flow through or across molecules, how the charge transport depends on the structure of the organic layers and the orientation of the molecules, and how the charge transport responds to mechanical forces and chemical inputs," Salmeron says. "With our experimental results, we have shown that we can now provide answers for these questions."
In this study, Salmeron and his colleagues used electron diffraction patterns to map the crystal structures of molecular films made from monolayers of short versions of commonly used polymers containing long chains of thiophene units. They focused specifically on pentathiophene butyric acid (5TBA) and two of its derivatives (D5TBA and DH5TBA) that were induced to self-assemble on various electron-transparent substrates. Pentathiophenes -- molecules containing a ring of four carbon and one sulfur atoms -- are members of a well-studied and promising family of organic semiconductors.
Obtaining structural crystallographic maps of monolayer organic films using electron beams posed a major challenge, as Aloni explains.
"These organic molecules are extremely sensitive to high energy electrons," he says. "When you shoot a beam of high energy electrons through the film it immediately affects the molecules. Within few seconds we no longer see the signature intermolecular alignment of the diffraction pattern. Despite this, when applied correctly, electron microscopy becomes essential tool that can provide unique information on organic samples."
Salmeron, Aloni and their colleagues overcame the challenge through the combination of a unique strategy they developed and a transmission electron microscope (TEM) at the Molecular Foundry's Imaging and Manipulation of Nanostructures Facility. Electron diffraction patterns were collected as a parallel electron beam was scanned over the film, then analyzed by computer to generate structural crystallographic maps.
"These maps contain uncompromised information of the size, symmetry and orientation of the unit cell, the orientation and structure of the domains, the degree of crystallinity, and any variations on the micrometer scale," says first author Altoe. "Such data are crucial to understanding the structure and electrical transport properties of the organic films, and allow us to track small changes driven by chemical modifications of the support films."
In their paper, the authors acknowledge that to gain structural information they had to sacrifice some resolution.
"The achievable resolution of the structural map is a compromise between sample radiation hardness, detector sensitivity and noise, and data acquisition rate," Salmeron says. "To keep the dose of high energy electrons at a level the monolayer film could support and still be able to collect valuable information about its structure, we had to spread the beam to a 90 nanometer diameter. However a fast and direct control of the beam position combined with the use of fast and ultrasensitive detectors should allow for the use of smaller beams with a higher electron flux, resulting in a better than 10 nanometer resolution."
While the combination of organic molecular films and substrates in this study conduct electrical current via electron holes (positively-charged energy spaces), Salmeron and his colleagues say their structural mapping can also be applied to materials whose conductance is electron-based.
"We expect our methodology to have widespread applications in materials research," Salmeron says.
Aloni and Altoe say this methodology is now available at the Imaging and Manipulation of Nanostructures Facility for users of the Molecular Foundry.
This research was supported by the DOE Office of Science.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by DOE/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
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Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/03/120320115627.htm
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With the invent of computers, life has become so easy for all. Machines have overtaken humans in all fields. Computers have seen a dip in every industry.
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Computers have created many opportunities, but also created virtual world. A world was you and computer alone can be enough to take on the world. Computers have taken everyone into a new virtual world which is never satiating.
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With many applications being invented, a new wave of video gaming was introduced. With a development in technology everything was and is achievable. And with a splurge in video gaming saw Nintendo DS games on the top list among all video games. Nintendo DS games also known as NDS have every one hooked to computers for hours together.
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These handheld consoles were developed in 2004 for North America and Japan, and took the world by storm.
Everyone loved it and continues to love it. It?s so fun to stay in the imaginary world, that real life has no meaning to many.
?
They eat, breathe, and swear by this virtual gaming world. It?s not only hooked the teenagers but all elders too. It?s broken a record of a kind, and has seen only an increase in its admirers. People continue to purchase every little bit, everything to add onto their gaming world.
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There are so NDS accessories available in the market that one cannot stop at one. A person hooked to NDS has to add to his/ her NDS accessories list. The thirst for these NDS accessories is so strong that your quench cannot be satisfied by any.
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These accessories come very cheaply and cater to everyone?s pockets. They not only increase speed but also enhance console?s performance.
These accessories come with a one year warranty.
?
The many accessories available are casing housings, USB cables, stylus of different designs, shapes, microphones, headphones, inner speakers, screen protectors, button replacements, power cables, bag covers, many more. The list is growing bigger and bigger.
?
NDS accessories are so many with many admirers and takers that a one stops shop solution for all these accessories are made available as wholesale. These cheap accessories are easily available in online store and just a click away for all NDS lovers.
Source: http://www.powerraft.com/gaming-console-accelerators/
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Man of the Match: Yes, Robbie Keane was so wide open at the far post on L.A.?s first goal, he could have scored while thumbing casually through his pricey James Joyce first edition. But then Keane hit the next Galaxy goal, too. And was generally busy finding (and frequently doing something constructive with) the other end of David Beckham?s steady supply of inviting crosses and passes into the 18.
Packaged for take away:
Source: http://prosoccertalk.nbcsports.com/2012/03/18/drilling-down-on-at-la-galaxy-3-d-c-united-1/
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products by Wiley Long
Despite
public programs, 40 percent of the state children?s health insurance Texas is still missing, according to the Robert Wood John Foundation. When it comes to the cost of human life not for everyone with health insurance, car wrap, the results are decidedly deadly to children. Johns Hopkins researchers went through hospitalization records for children in 37 countries and tracks the outcomes for children regardless of what problem needs hospital care. The children she went to a hospital with any form of health care coverage 60 percent more often found dying than children who were adopted by the health insurance. According to the research, this inequality fired, return not correlated with uninsured children to feel inferior being facilities. In the same hospital, children without health insurance, 60 percent more likely than those who died, the happening plan.What the added protection of a health center, uninsured children who never make it to the hospital had, and what happens to children who are out of hospital It will be released too early because they lack insurance? There?s still there record, this is still a mystery. The Johns Hopkins researchers 17.000 estimated that children died in hospitals in less than two decades ? children who survived, if you?d had Beens covered by a health plan. The scientists noted that the death toll is probably much greater: there is simply no entries when children died outside of Texas Health Insurance hospital.Is more accessible to health care reform research from Johns Hopkins and other has-been leading the fight? That means clustering to present only the difference between life and death. Health insurance reform encouraged to refuse children who were sick to insure. Cdn adults are still denied insurance coverage for a pre-existing health problem, purpose of receiving allegedly aussi in children and adults access to health care services 2014.Both is the self among the low-cost high-deductible policy. Under the Affordable Care Act, no longer supported Cdn insurance policyholders need coinsurance, co-gold countries and meet a deductible before the health standard is covered. You may require policyholders to such services through its network of providers, though. This is because the insurance companies have lower rates with providers in their services are covered network.Fully working iron supplementation for children 6 to 12 months who are at risk for anemia and even assessments for alcohol and drug use among adolescents. Children get off to a healthy start, pregnant Cdn aussi Benefit of screening completely covered, such as hepatitis B, and Rh incompatibility syphilis.Texas health insurance cover for newborn screening procedures in sickle cell anemia, to identify hearing and vision problems, and congenital hypothyroidism . Collected for infants under 18 months and 24 months, autism and developmental disorders screening, comprehensive and immunizations are provided from birth to age 18.By Expanding coverage available on the least expensive type of Texas health insurance, health reform has taken a giant step has to build a healthy next generation. It remains to be seen whether protection is available for all future generations will be.
By Wiley Long? President, eTXHealthinsurance.com ? Texas?s leading independent online insurance agency specializing in individual and family care Texas Health Insurance . Get instant Texas Health Insurance quotes , compare plans, apply online to apply and save your hard earned money
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